Biochemical perspectives on food order: From postprandial glucose control to hormonal modulation

Abstract

The term “food order” refers to the sequence of nutrient consumption, with a profound impact on metabolic processes, including postprandial blood sugar levels, insulin regulation, and regulation of satiety hormones. In this review, an accent is placed on how meal ordering controls glucose homeostasis and its role in disease prevention, specifically in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Consuming foods high in protein and fiber before carbohydrates is seen to slow gastric emptying and modify hormonal feedback, resulting in reduced glucose and insulin spikes. All these effects occur through several metabolic processes, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, AMPK, and mTOR signaling processes. Recognizing these biochemistries highlights food ordering as a potential non-pharmacological intervention for optimizing metabolite function. Individualized nutritional approaches can optimize energy utilization and reduce the need for medication. The long-term benefits and the translation of these approaches for use in diverse groups must be determined in future studies.