Molecular pathways of diabetic neuropathy: mechanistic insights and advances in experimental models

Nikhat Warsi; Vaishali Chadha; Ashok Kumar Gupta; Ambika Nand Jha

Nikhat Warsi School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Vaishali Chadha School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ashok Kumar Gupta School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ambika Nand Jha School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Knowledge Park-III, Greater Noida, U.P., 201306, India.

Keywords: animal models, diabetic complications, hyperglycemia, diabetes induction, diabetic neuropathy

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is known as chronic metabolic illness characterized by hyperglycemia. Nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, osteopathy, and various other consequences are caused by chronic hyperglycaemia. Among all diabetic complications, diabetic neuropathy is enervating complication which may leads to numbness, pain, fatigue, muscle weakness and foot ulcers. This review article focusses on detailed overview on pathophysiology of Diabetic Neuropathy (DN). Animal models have long been indispensable for investigating and characterizing disease pathogenesis, identifying disease targets, and assessing novel therapeutic agents and treatments in vivo. This review gives a fundamental summary of diabetes, its causes, and its effects on animal models of diabetes induction, pathophysiology and use of animals in various approaches such as chemical, surgical, genetic, viral, hormonal etc. Additionally, this paper emphasises on pathways related to neuropathy and about various animal models for diabetes.